In this paper, we present results on breathing turn-taking cues.

Specifically, we study the respiratory patterns associated with initiating, holding, and releasing the turn. Unlike the previous studies (reviewed briefly in section 2.1), which focused primarily on properties of pre-speech inhalations, we investigate both inhalatory and exhalatory segments, as well as instances of respiratory holds. We also extend existing accounts by describing respiratory patterns found in overlapping speech. In addition, we present evidence that the respiratory signal can be used to identify turn-taking events which are otherwise obscured by the commonly used silence-based classification of conversational floor state ( Jaffe and Feldstein, 1970). These include, above all, pause interruptions, which coincide with turn-holding silences in interlocutor's speech ( Ferguson, 1977 Beattie, 1982 Gravano and Hirschberg, 2011). Since these instances involve no overlapping speech, they ostensibly resemble regular (smooth) speaker changes. (2001) in referring to such occurrences as hidden events. This concept is further explained in section 2.2. The study is based on two corpora of three-party spontaneous conversations in Swedish and Estonian. The analysis relies primarily on automatic methods for identification and parametrization of interactional and respiratory phenomena of interest, allowing for reproducible and comparable results across the data sets. The method is described in greater detail in section 3.

The results, presented in section 4, add a new aspect to the sizeable body of work on turn-taking cues in conversation (see e.g., Bögels and Torreira, 2015 for a recent review). They also contribute to the body of work on the role of respiratory cues in coordination and regulation of turn-taking ( McFarland, 2001 Rochet-Capellan and Fuchs, 2014 Ishii et al., 2016 Włodarczak and Heldner, 2016b, 2018 Włodarczak et al., 2017) by including a wider range of interactional and respiratory phenomena.

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